1
2
  -2021
..  

(  II:     )
  :    : 75
:               
1.        
2.    :
(i)     
(ii)   
(iii)   
(iv)    
3.    ?            
  
4.  
  ?  ,       
5.         
6.           
2
2
7.      ?       
8.        
  -2021
..  

(  II:     )
  :    : 75
:               
1.        
::   
       ,       
           ,    
  ,             
              

   
       ,            
    :
1.  :      
2.  :  ,         
   
3
2
1.  
       99%          
   :
 (78%)
o             ,   
 78%  
o         ,     
  ,              
     
o       ,        
    
 (21%)
o      ,    21%  
o                
            
         ,   
    
o        ,   
 
 (0.93%)
o      ,        
  
o  -           
      
2.  
                
       :
  (0-4%)
o             
  ,         ,
           
o        ,   ,    
  
4
2
o       ,        
     
  (0.04%)
o   (CO₂)        
            ,   
   
o       , CO2        ,
       
    
       ,       
o CO₂            
 (O₃)
o         ,       ,
      (UV)    
    ,    UV       
,       
o              
   
 (CH₄)
o     ,      
    ,         
o          (,  )  

       
  (N₂O)
o        ,       , 
      
 
o , ,           ,  
       
- 
   ,                     
      :
5
2

o ,             
      
o ,               
       
 
o      ,      ,    
    
 

o   ,          
   ,        
  
o               
     
                  
 :
1.  (0-12 )
o         ,       
 
o     75%   ,    ,
     
2.   (12-50 )
o         , UV    
3.  (50-85 )
o           
4.  (85-600 )
o         ,         
6
2
5.  (600   )
o    -    ,    
      
  
           ,    
     ,     
 ( , )          , 
        (    
)  ,      
   
1.              ,
           
2.           
         
3.    :    UV     
 
4.        ,     

 ,          ,    
              
           " "     
                ,
               
     
7
2
2.    :
(i)     
(ii)   
(iii)   
(iv)    
: (i)      
          ,   ,     
        ,     -   
                
 ,          ,        ,
                  
   -    , ,  (, , ),
         
:  ,         ,       
            
     ,   30    ,   
                 
   ,      ,   
       
       ,     
,        
 :
1.   - :  ;  
2. :     ;       
3.       ; 30         
(ii)   
"  "                
  ,                 
8
2
:,  1,000      6.5°C     (  150
   C)     ,   ,    
       
:     30°C ,      ,    1,000
   23.5°C 
   :
-    ,          
              
    ,    
 :
   (   300  )   (    2,200   )
 ,     35°C ,     20°C  

(iii)   
                 -
               
     :
      :
1.   (   ) 
2.   (    ) 
3.        2  
:
:
     38°C    28°C ,    :
   :
         ,   , 
         
9
2
   :
      ,            
 ,          
(iv)    
               
              -  
     :
1.          
2.         
3.           
:
:
 :
o  (  )    40°C  
o  (  )    10°C 
  =40°C−10°C=30°
    :
          ( 7-8  )   ,  
   ,      
    :
           (30-35 
)   ,        
    :
1.        (, ,  ,
)
2.           (,       
  )
3.     ,         
      
10
2

              
             
                
               ,
                ,
  ,               
  
3.    ?            
  
:             
              
   ,             
      ,        ,   
               -   
     ,       
  ,          ,      
    ,         ,     
                 
      (mb)     (Hg)      
  ,     1013   29.92  
      
1. -     ,         
    -      ,   ( )    , 
        
o          ,      
         
2. :         ,       
       ,     
o :            ,
         
11
2
3. :  (   )       ,   
        
    
           ,           
               
,          
                
        ,             
   
               
 ,     ,         
    
       :
1.     ( )
:  (5°N  S)    
               
     ,         
 :
o         
o         ,      
    ,   "  "   
2.    
: 30°N  30°S    
:               
 30  ,      ,     
 :
o       
o         ,     
        
3.  - 
: 60°N  60°S    
12
2
           ,   
  ,      
 :
o      
o             
4.    
:      (90°N  90°S).
:          ,  
   
 :
o              
     ?
              
    ,      ,       
            -   - 
      
 ,    (  )       
-   ,      ,      
   
     
              
:
             , 
   
             ,   
 
                ,
          
      
13
2
              :
"" ( ) ,    ,       
   
"" ( ) ,        ,   
  
"  " ( )  ,            
  
      
1.             
       ,     
2.    :       
,       
3.               
          

              
           ;     
                
     ,           
              , 
              
         
4.  
  ?  ,       
:  
: ,    
 
  :
             , 
           ,     ,
                 ,  
 ,              
    ,           
14
2
 
  :
1.  :          
,           
 (
 ,     )  ,    ,   
(CO2),   (SO2),    (NOx)     (PM)
                  
 ,        
: -      CO2  SO2   ,  
        
2.  :, ,           
       ,      (CO),  
 (NOx),   (HC)          
                  
:                  
  ,             
3.           ,      
    (NH3)       ,  
 ,        ,       
  
:                  
,            
4.              ,
            ,    CO2
  ,          
           
            CO2    
5.  :              
      ,     
   
        ,       
  
:      ,           ,
       ,        
 
15
2
6.   :        ,  
        ,      
  ,        ,      
        
:1980             , 
           
 
  :
1.             
     (CO),    (NOx)    
(PM)   ,          
                  
  ,          
:            
            
2.  :         CO2   
       ,          
 ,              
 ,   (    )    
          ,   
:     
        
  ,   -            
3.   :            
   (NOx)     (VOCs)    
   ,          
                
            
:        ,       , 
              
4.    :       
    (SO2)     (NOx)  
      ,  ,       
          ,  
         
              
,             
16
2
5.                ,
      (WHO)  ,    
                 , 
        
: 2015 ,    4.2         
 
,          
 
    :
1. 
              

        (   )  
  
           
      
       
:                
       
2.  :      ,     
             ,  
               
  
:              
    ,         
3.            
              
      (       ) 
 (             ) 
 
:                 
   
4.  :           
    ,           ,
       -    
        
:          ,  
     ,       
5.             
             
17
2
              
          
:                 
        
    (AQI) 
6.  :
  ,          
                
        
               
       ,     
:
               
             , 
  ,      ,          
     ,  ,     
 ,   ,           ,
                 
5.         
:     
            
     , ,      ,      
      ,           
         ,     
           ,     
         
   ?
       ,          
      " "        
              ,  
                  :
 ,  ,  ,      
18
2
   
           ,  -    
        :
1.  :    ,        
    -           
  -         " "      
                  
    ,           
 
2.     ,         
                
              
             ,    

3.  :   ,     ,   
                  
            
              
 
     
       ,        
     :
1.   
         -     
                 
        ,        
    ,      -   
 ,       
        ,       
            ,     
     
2.  
   ,      ,      
 ,                4,000 
6,000        ""       , 
19
2
                   
   ,        
3.  
            ,    
 11,000               
             
      ,  10,994     
              
                 
4.   
                   
                 
           ,         
                
          
5.      
     ,          
              
          -        
  ,               
     
6.     
             ,
  ,  ,           
"  "    ,          
       ,      
        
         
             
     ,   :
           
    -   (  ), - 
    (  ),  -      (
 )   ,     
20
2
         ,  
 -       
:    ,           
        
-  :             
       ,      


            , 
, - ,        ,   
            ,  
,           
                
 ,                
   
6.           
:     ,          
            ,
   ,            
              , 
                 

   
                
        ,    ,  
                 
,      -   -   -  
1.                :
o  (  
):         
        ,       
,     ,    (   )  
21
2
     ,        ,  
             
   
o   :            
,    ,    ,      
 ,        ,  
       
o :-     ,         
         ,     
                 
(          )    ,
   
o   :  (     ) 
      ,    
            ,    
          ,     
 ,         (   
 ),      
2.   :           
              ,
            ,  
             
              
   
                 
()    ,    1         ,
     35    ,          
35     
1.   :          - 
   :
o   :        ( 
),              
  ,     (  )     
        
o  :           ,
             
22
2
 ,           -  
     
o  :   ,     ,    
     ,          ,
     -        
o   :   -     
     ,        
   -  ,      
 
2.   :         , 
 ,         
                
    ,     ,      ,
              
    ,          
 ,            
              ,   (
    )       ( ,      
  )         , -     
      
   -   ;  -      
    ,        ,  
             ,    
      ,               
 ,    -   :
:              
         
:              
                
     ,           


  
 :             
              , 
    
23
2
  :  ,      
     -    ,       
  ,            ,
     
  :       ,      
              
      

 ,             
      ,           
        ,      
,  ,              
,          ,    
             
               
7.      ?       
:    
     ,       ,    
 ,            
        ,     ,   
 ,   ,           
      
   ?
                
       ,              
                 
 ,              
,          ,         
    
            :    
  
24
2
1.  
        400     ,      
          ,        ,
        ,        
    ,  ,             
      
              ,     
     ,          :
  
  
  
  
   
    ,              
2.     ( )
    ,       ,       
               ,    
                 
 "" ()  "" ()   ,        
     
                   
 ,       ,         ,  
          ,         
               
   
      
         :
1.   :           
     ,       
      ,        
2.  :          ,   
           
   
25
2
,       
           
                
3.   :           
                   
  ,           , 
      
4.   ( ):-   ,      

      
   ,       
   
5. :         
      ,    ,   
 
6.    :        
              
       
     
1.  :            
    ,         ,   
              , 
            
 ,    ,     ,      
             
2.  :     ,       
               
                

3.             ,
            
             ,  
       
4.              
 - ,           
              
             
    
26
2
5.  :   ,          ,  
             
  -        
   
1.  :         
         ,    
 ,       
2.     :           
             ,  
      
3.   ,          
             , 
- 
4.  :            
  ,   ,          
, ,           
5.             
    ,       ,   
      

              , 
            ,    
        ,       
             , 
            
8.        
::    :   
   -            
                
          ,         
27
2
  ,  ,        ,     
  
  ( )
 ,          ,     ,  
            ,    
  ,                  
               
  
   
1. :  ,          
               
     ,          
         ,    
    
2.    ,          
            :
o   :            
       
o   :          
         ,    
       
o   :    ,        
      ,         
       
3.  :             
 ,             
  ,     ,         
          
4. :                
               
        ,        
              
 
28
2
  ( )
               ,
           ,     
 ,             
   
1. :  ,            
  :
o :     ,         
              
  
o :             
     (    )   
           
 
2.             
,             
  :
o    :            
      ,    
o    :         
  , ,          
 
3. :             
   :
o  , ,        
                  
   
o : , ,        
         ,   ,   
  
o    ,        
    ,           , 
 ,        ,     
   
29
2
4.              :
o  :         
                
o  :,            
               , 
            
5. :            :
o             :
,       ,   ,   
 
o  ,          
              
o      (- )     
               
   -  
1.  :           ,
            ,  ,
      ,       
   
2.   ,     ,     
       ,       
           50%   
3.  : ,           
                 ,
      
4.  :        ,    
          
         ,       

           ,    
        ,     ,    
              ,
              
30
2
                 
              
      
:             ( )        
       ,             